What Was Newton's Involvement With The English Money System?

December 25, 1642 (January 4, 1643, New Style)

Isaac Newton: birthplace
Isaac Newton was born in the village of Woolsthorpe, England.
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Isaac Newton is born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. He is the only son of a yeoman, also named Isaac Newton (who had died three months before), and Hannah Ayscough. Within a couple of years his mother remarries, and young Isaac is sent away by his stepfather, well-to-do minister Barnabas Smith, to live with his grandmother.

1653

Isaac Newton: gravity
A legend says that a falling apple struck Isaac Newton on the head as he sat thinking under an apple tree. In that moment he was said to have understood the law of gravity.
© Photos.com/Thinkstock

Upon the death of Smith, Newton and his mother are reunited. His mother later decides that he should manage her property, but he is poorly suited for the job. As a result, he is sent to grammar school in Grantham, England, to prepare for university. He starts to show an aptitude for mechanical and engineering skills, building models of machines, such as clocks and windmills.

1661

Newton begins his undergraduate studies at Trinity College, Cambridge. By this time, the Scientific Revolution is well underway. Astronomers, including Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler, had elaborated the heliocentric system of the universe, and Galileo had set a foundation for the mathematical science of motion. However, European universities, including Cambridge, still stress outmoded academic models such as Aristotelianism, which rest on a geocentric view of the universe. Newton studies Aristotle's work, but he becomes aware of new ideas about science and philosophy.

1664

René Descartes
René Descartes, oil on oak painting by Frans Hals, c. 1649; in the National Gallery of Denmark.
Statens Museum for Kunst (National Gallery of Denmark); www.smk.dk (Public domain)

Newton writes a set of notes, which he entitles "Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae" ("Certain Philosophical Questions"). Under this title he pens the slogan "Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my best friend is truth." The notes reveal that Newton has become thoroughly influenced by the Scientific Revolution. He is intrigued by the work of French natural philosopher René Descartes. He is also influenced by the works of French philosopher and scientist Pierre Gassendi—who had revived atomism, an alternative mechanical system to explain nature—and Irish-born chemist Robert Boyle.

1665–67

Newton receives his bachelor's degree in 1665, but the mathematical and scientific studies he has undertaken during his undergraduate years are still unknown to the world. The plague descends upon Europe, and Newton has to spend most of the next two years at home, developing the work that he had started at university. In 1667 Newton is elected to a fellowship at Trinity College after the university reopens after the plague years.

1668

Newton invents the reflecting telescope.

1669–71

formula for a derivative
This formula for a derivative shows a basic concept of the study of calculus, developed by Isaac Newton.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Newton becomes a professor of mathematics at Trinity College and writes the tract De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas ("On Analysis by Equations with an Infinite Number of Terms") in 1669. He revises it over the next two years as Tractatus de Methodis Serierum et Fluxionum ("On the Methods of Series and Fluxions"). Newton's term fluxions is the original term for derivatives. During this period Newton begins to lecture on the work he has done in optics.

1672

Newton sends a paper on light and colors to the Royal Society. The paper is generally well received, though some dissent is voiced and one of the society's leaders, Robert Hooke, writes a critique of it. Newton has an unusually negative reaction to the criticism and eventually withdraws into virtual isolation.

1684–87

Isaac Newton: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy — Isaac Newton: *The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy*
Title page from Isaac Newton's *Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica* (1687; *The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy*).
Courtesy of the Joseph Regenstein Library, The University of Chicago

Toward the end of 1684 Newton sends a short tract entitledDe Motu ("On Motion") to British astronomer Edmond Halley. Newton continues to improve and expand this work and in 1687 publishes the landmark Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). One of the fundamental works of modern science, it sets forth his three basic laws of motion and law of universal gravitation.

1696

Newton is appointed warden of the mint and moves to London (although he does not resign from Cambridge until 1701). As warden of the mint and, soon after, master of the mint, in charge of issuing currency, Newton oversees the replacement of currency with new coins and relishes his authority in catching counterfeiters.